By Dr Gyan Pathak
Most developing member countries (DMCs) are facing serious gaps in student learning outcomes, which the World Bank calls a learning crisis. Half of the students in Grade 5 in India cannot do two-digit subtraction or read connected text, and half of the students who complete primary schools in Bangladesh and Pakistan cannot read. The Covid-19 crisis has further worsened the situation.
This is only one aspect of the education crisis that has gripped the foundational education system that is commonly referred to as K-12 (kindergarten to grade 12) considered fundamental for people to succeed in life. However, in most countries, the national education system has been subject to socio-cultural, economic, and political influences.
The traditional thinking continues, even as we are faced with 21st-century challenges, which hinder its agility and disruptive evolution, and the system is difficult to change, though we need a paradigm shift since educational reforms seem to have missed even quality and relevance. An appropriated 21st-century education also needs to impart appropriate soft skills and dispositions to prepare citizens to be agile, productive, and live together in harmony as national and global communities.
As the world transitions from the industrial revolution to the information revolution and now to the knowledge economy, the foundational education sector has been confronted with several simultaneous challenges. Access to education has globally improved but still millions of children are out of school, especially among marginalised communities.
A World Bank report has said that the learning crisis seems to be a bigger challenge than increasing access to education. A related issue is a relevance of what children are taught. With an exponentially increasing body of knowledge, educators are facing diverse expectations while working within rigid time-bound structures.
Integrating new understandings of human learning into teaching and learning practices is the new challenge our educators are facing. New delivery modalities that involve technology have come with many options and innovations to consider. All these have made the situation complex for governance, performance, management, and accountability.
An ADB study titled “Foundational (K-12) Education System: Navigating 21st Century Challenges” has considered all these challenges and made recommendations to change almost all aspects of the present education system since they are unable to provide the necessary solutions. Our systems are reliant on traditional rigid time frames and complex external pressures that are blurring the boundaries of school education. There is a need to explore new opportunities for reforming the school education space, including system structures, human resources, curriculum designs, and delivery strategies, the study emphasises.
There are still some countries where the enrolment rate is below 45 per cent. Gender parity is excellent for primary education, but is imbalanced in favour of boys for secondary and tertiary education, except in a few countries.
One of the reasons for poor enrolment in secondary education has been the perceived lack of relevance, which in turn influences the consideration of opportunity costs for students to join the workforce, albeit often in the informal sector. Thus, increasing secondary participation rates is not just about increasing access but equally about the quality and relevance of the education services.
The challenge now for DMCs is to improve the quality of learning outcomes and prepare students with 21st-century knowledge, skill, and dispositions, the study says. The tension between competing public and private (community and individual) goals of schooling has become more significant with the blurring of boundaries between formal and informal learning, which has further been confounded by communication technology innovations and evolving expectations to meet both social ideals and facilitate individual student growth and development.
There is an urgency to rethink, since earlier reforms – pedagogical, curriculum, programme, financing, and governance – seem to have missed the quality and relevance outcome.
A large percentage of secondary students in all DMCs do not progress to university and it is as low as 30 per cent, such as in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the K-12 programme must be mindful to create alternative opportunities for students who do not seek the higher education pathway.
The current alternatives through vocational education and training (VET) lack quality – they are under-developed, poorly resourced, and not aligned with contemporary industry skills and/or entrepreneurial skills to engage with the emerging market opportunities. Lack of high-quality opportunities after basic education contributes to low enrolment in secondary education, the study points out.
As DMCs transition to a knowledge economy, adopt technological innovations, deal with increasing within and cross-border tensions, and navigate the Covid-19 pandemic, the ability to access knowledge (to read, interpret, and make personal sense) is even more important than before.
Foundational knowledge and skill are important for individuals to become self-directed, make personal decisions, become innovative regarding life choices, citizens’ rights, financial issues, technological innovations, and adapt to the economic changes that occur over their lifetime. Thus the push for high-quality and relevant K-12 education outcomes requires more than investments to increase access. The World Bank points out that ‘schooling is not the same as learning’, which posits a challenge for all education stakeholders.
Indicators, such as years of school and access to education may no longer be sufficient. Better quality physical facilities (classrooms, lab equipment); better qualified and prepared human resources (teachers and principals); and better home environments and family support can have a huge impact on learning outcomes, the study emphasizes.
A one-size-fits-all approach has unintentionally homogenized the global K-12 education landscape. However, all DMCs do not have to push that frontier through innovation, but they need widespread quality and relevant basic education to absorb and adapt to the technologies that are already available globally. High-quality education generates benefits for individuals and societies. For the individuals, it raises cognitive abilities and emotional abilities such as self-esteem, further opportunities for employment and earnings, and a better lifestyle. For a country, it helps to strengthen institutions within societies, drive long-term economic growth, reduce poverty, and spur innovation.
The World Bank argues that factors that impede learning are unprepared learners due to perceived lack of relevance and lack of foundational knowledge, unskilled and unmotivated teachers, limited and out-of-date teaching and learning resources, ineffective school management and governance, and school inputs that do not support quality of teaching and learning.
Added to the above is the recent experience of the coronavirus pandemic which has challenged the traditional delivery modalities warranting consideration of more agile and responsive approaches to deal with natural and man-made disaster situations. IPA Service